• Calénnawn Vocabulary
• Articles
• Personal pronouns
• Some verbs
• Some nouns
• Some nouns: kinship terms
• Some adjectives
• Some adjectives: colors
• Some degree markers
• Derivations
• Some adverbs
• Some prepositions
• Numerals
• Miscellaneous words
• Correlatives
• Link words

Calénnawn Vocabulary

Note: square brackets denote a particular species/kind of the type mentioned, e.g. [mantis] = a particular kind of mantis

Articles

Calénnawn has the following articles:

Articles take a final -n when the next word starts with a vowel, except s- and f-.

Personal pronouns

sónnti is sometimes in colloquial speech pronounced as sónni. In colloquial speech, the object pronouns are sometimes replaced by the epistemic subject pronouns.

The possessive pronouns are used for ássi, bibúlme and ninálo relations.

Some verbs

Some nouns

Some nouns: kinship terms

In the list below, the following abbreviations are used:

  Father  [F]     Son     [S]
  Mother  [M]     Daugher [D]
  Brother [B]     Husband [H]
  Sister  [Z]     Wife    [W]

Most names for family members come in three variants: male, female, and genderless. The male and female variants are created from the genderless ones by prefixing ba- (from bána = man) or re- (from réfni = woman).

Names for other family members are derived analogously.

Some adjectives

Some adjectives: colors

Some degree markers

• quantity
  

-ro as many as .. -ma more than .. -mu less than .. -dac most of .. -sil least of .. -fe too many .. -ot enough .. -huyfe not enough ..

• quality
  

-uy equally .. ....... v ....... -ta more .. ....... 1 ...v... -tu less .. ...v... 1 ....... -taš most .. ....... + ......v -tto least .. v...... + ....... -awta too .. ....... 0 .....-. -eqi sufficiently .. ....... 0 ...+... -huyawta not sufficiently .. ....... 0 .-.....

• degree
  

-qi very .. - ...... 0 ..... + ..v   base word - ...... 0 ..... v ... -oy slightly .. - ...... 0 ..v.. + ... cuy .. neutrality - ...... v ..... + ... hes .. not/not at all .. vvvvvvvvvv ..... + ... huy .. the opposite of .. v ...... 0 ..... + ...

If the meaning of a word does not allow it to be divided into degrees, like the adjective "pregnant", only hes is used.

Derivations

Some adverbs

• temporal
  

še before, in the past ši just now, in the immediate past máfo now gre in the immediate future gla later, in the future šémawn a day before yesterday šímawn yesterday (cf. šírawn) máforawn today grémawn tomorrow (cf. grérawn) glámawn a day after tomorrow

• directional
  

lóyma back . .

• aspectual
  

ólpo not continuously, with interruptions (aspect modifier: iterative) (ózay/ólay)pla (aspect denial, see grammar): already, still hépla, herópla (aspect denial, see grammar): not any more, not yet

• conjunctions
  

sófa but (?) sno and scu or ðíci xor, either .. or poy nand, neither .. nor ley and then, next (Ru. teper') pey also, and, both (not a discursive, cf. sno) úrne so that (Du. opdat) (+deontic subject) pso-zóro because (because_of the_fact_that)

• focus
  

spíxo only . .

• discursives
  

Some prepositions

• time
  

-úmper during (enclitic) dull at (point in time) šeyt since qat until evów after (as adverb: late) xúleb before (as adverb: early) buyn between (two occurrences) evów .. xúleb .. between .. and .. evówta directly after evówtu long after xúlebta directly before xúlebtu long before dúllta near, close to (in time), shortly before or after dúlltu a long time before or after

• space: general
  

-pe at, at the location of (enclitic) -i in (enclitic) ap at one side (inside) of húyap at the/another side (inside) of (e.g. at the other side of the forest) la outside of húyla at the/another side (outside) of (e.g. at the other side of the statue) pósse against, touching, at the surface of furt around (on the outside) glaz around (on the inside), inside the perimeter of mos between, amongst, amidst mósba .. móslo .. between .. and .. -péta near, close to -pétu far away from -ita inside, near the middle/center of -itu just under the outside/surface of ápta at one extremity of áptu somewhat to the side of láta far outside of látu just outside of fúrt-ta completely surrounding (without gaps) (note spelling) fúrt-tu partly surrounding

• space: modifiers
  

su- moving towards šo- arriving at, reaching mu- departing from, leaving nu- moving away from vu- located up to position examples: supé to suí into sulá out of supósse until touching sufúrt surrounding sumós intermingling with suí-sulá through (into-out of, e.g. through the forest) suáp-suhúyap through (from one side to the other, e.g. through the room)

• space: gravitational
  

zaw above édu under írgi next to, beside owmílo to the right/starboard-side of (with respect to referent) sap to the left/port-side of (ditto) ocowmílo to the right of (with respect to speaker) ocsáp to the left of (ditto) ran in front of (with respect to referent) šíntan behind (ditto) mef on this/the near side of (with respect to speaker) erc on the other/far side of (ditto) zawpósse on top of edupósse at/touching the underside of irgipósse at/touching the side of owmilopósse at/touching the right/starboard side of (with respect to referent) sappósse at/touching the left/port side of (ditto) ocowmilopósse at/touching the right side of (with respect to speaker) ocsappósse at/touching the left side of (ditto) rampósse at/touching the front side of (with respect to referent) (note spelling) šintampósse at/touching the rear side of (ditto) (note spelling) mefpósse at/touching this side of (with respect to speaker) ercpósse at/touching the other/far side of (ditto) suzawpósse onto nuedupósse from (e.g. falling from ceiling) nuzawpósse from (e.g. falling from table)

• space: geographical
  

éffan to the north of zíri to the east of dáxe to the south of bírey to the west of snúru upstream of blo downstream of (e.g. living downstream) éndu windward of ves leeward of owmílo on the right bank of sap on the left bank of subló towards downstream (e.g. traveling downstream)

• space: orientation
  

gúri next to, its side in the direction of gómay oriented alongside, side-to-side with grámat facing, its face in the direction of venn mutually facing núrus its back/rear end in the direction of malc back-to-back with sugúri passing by sugómay moving alongside sugrámat closing in on suvénn approaching sunúrus moving away from sumálc parting with

Note: the compounds with su have meanings that are not the exact logical meanings (which would normally have suggested a movement towards the indicated orientation). Compounds with nu and vu have not been found.

Rándo Bóbo peyše tolúyni gómay o híndim. Rando and Bobo traveled along the river. Rándo Bóbo peyše tolúyni sugómay. Rando and Bobo traveled side-by-side. Rándoše tolúyni sugómay Bóbo. Rando traveled alongside Bobo. Rándoše tolúyni sugúri Bóbo. Rando traveled past Bobo.

• rotational
  

owháðo rightward of, clockwise of (rare) russ leftward of, counterclockwise of (rare) suowháðo rightward, clockwise surúss leftward, counterclockwise

• abstract meanings
  

sínu compared with (for positive, comparative and superlative) im in (e.g. in trouble, in the picture (cf. pósse: on the picture)) sum to, for, with goal (also: money for, translate to, window to the west) num from, coming/originating from (e.g. a letter from ..) (also: warn for, fear of, translate from, protect from) vum up to (e.g. up to five) xum to (+act-of-infinitive), (Fr. pour, Du. om te) ttif having state útay entering state, becoming xu for, on behalf of, to (dative) tay about, referring to, having as topic (referentive), ¿lo<topic>-nur? cor of, belonging to, in any way related to (cf. lo-) ? held/got by (ninálo) ówco next to (adverb: also) ell on the side of dett according to (evidential?) = claimed by = <claim/state>mor ? against, opposite pso because of ? as a result of ? in response to (<- verb: respond to) fo having direct object (e.g. búhibu fo h ðówba: fear of the dog)

• derived prepositions
  

no(r)- invert verb or preposition (put in inverse voice) -nur -ing (active participle used as preposition or adverb) -mor -ed (inverse participle used as preposition or adverb) examples: uráro use sth. noruráro be used by so. uráronur with instrument, using, by means of uráromor (being) used by urárovramor (having been) used by apéca replace sth./so. norapéca become replaced by sth./so. apécanur replacing, instead of apécamor replaced by qári agree with so. noqári get agreement from so. qárinur in agreement/accordance with, agreeing with qárimor agreed with by huyqárimor not in agreement/accordance with dra accompany so./sth. nodrá be accompanied by dránur accompanying drámor accompanied by, (together) with húydramor without din have beneficial effect for cuydín have effect, influence on huydín have negative influence on dínnur for, in behalf of, with beneficial results for (benefactive) cuydínnur influencing huydínnur with negative effects for (antibenefactive) nodín is positively influenced by cuydín is influenced by huynodín is negatively influenced by dímmor thanks to (note spelling) cuydímmor caused by, influenced by, Du.: "toe te schrijven aan", "ten gevolge van" huydímmor in spite of (note spelling) blàsta-dímmor Du: "te wijten aan" . ten_behoeve_van, terwille_van, omwille_van ássinur possessing ássimor possessed by xegónnanur with regard to, in respect of, as concerns (Du: met betrekking tot) huyxegónnanur irrespective of (Du. ongeacht) assílonur including huyassílonur excluding

Note that "including" is not equal to "with":

O fóððira órgla mágont-day assílonur o re-šís. The class goes for a swim with/including the girls. O fóððira órgla mágont-day drámor on ánnawna. The class goes for a swim with/accompanied-by the teacher.

• derived nouns
  

lay- the locus at .. examples: layéffan the north layí the inside layápta the extremity layvés the lee-side layowmílo starboard

• derived verbs
  

gow- to be located .. gowvu- to be located up until .. gowsu- to go towards location .. gowšo- to arrive at/reach location .. gowmu- to depart from/leave location .. gownu- to go away from location .. examples: gowpósse touch sth. (passively, i.e. to be located against) gowpé be at .. gowsulá leave sth. gowsuí enter sth. gowsupé go towards sth. gowsuédu descend into sth. gowsuzáw ascend into sth. gowsuédu-ho lower sth./so. into sth. gowsuzáw-ho lift sth./so. up to sth. gowsumós intermingle gowsufúrt surround gowsínu be like, resemble gowsupósse move until touching gowšopósse touch (actively) gowpósse be touching (passively, cf. nésta) gowmupósse break contact, let go gownupósse move away from contact gowsuzawpósseva-qoy!1 please be seated. gowsupé go towards sth. gowšopé arrive at/reach sth. gowpé be at sth. gowmupé leave/depart from sth. gownupé to go away from sth.

Numerals

 1.  irregular spelling
 2.  = a small part
 3.  = too small a part
 4.  = too big a part
 5.  = a big part
 6.  = all of
 7.  = at most all of
 8.  = the one[s] that is/are too many

See the grammar document for the more complex numbers.

Miscellaneous words

Words ending in -vo or -va are the polite forms.

Correlatives

Notes:

1. pur was etymologically derived from panalúta·mor

2. For declinations of qo and síxo and derivatives, see also Personal pronouns.

3. See also the section Link words for link words derived from the question correlatives.

Link words

See the grammar for the rules on how to use these link words.

Note: the + in the next diagrams indicates possible prefixing of prepositions.

1. appositive
   

1st \ 2nd subject object PP subject be ba +bwoy object pélo yon +voy PP +bwam +bam +vóyo finish structure nóri

a. restrictive


1st \ 2nd subject object PP subject fes fésba +fwar object félo fon +far PP +fwem +fem +fáro finish structure me

b. incidental


1st \ 2nd subject object PP subject les lésba +dwar object lélo lon +dar PP +dwaf +daf +dáro finish structure ge

a. Fact abstraction


1st \ 2nd subject object PP abstraction subject n/a n/a n/a zúno object n/a n/a n/a zóno PP n/a n/a n/a +zóro abstraction zúnes zónes +zóres n/a finish structure múha

b. Event abstraction


1st \ 2nd subject object PP abstraction subject n/a n/a n/a émmo object n/a n/a n/a úmmo PP n/a n/a n/a +úrmo abstraction émmi úmmi +úrmi n/a finish structure qim

c. Degree abstraction


1st \ 2nd subject object PP abstraction subject n/a n/a n/a ríðëoš object n/a n/a n/a rúdëoš PP n/a n/a n/a +ródoš abstraction rídor rúgor +rógor n/a finish structure qow

4. indirect questions
   
These are not further divided into appositive, restrictive, or incidental.

1st \ 2nd subject object PP question subject n/a n/a n/a ámlo object n/a n/a n/a úmlo PP n/a n/a n/a +ínemlo question áymlo úymlo +ímlo 5×, see below finish structure tsuc

[s|q] [o|q] [p|q] [q|s] [q|o] [q|p] who (epist. subj.) ásixo úsixo +ínemlo áysixo úysixo +ísixo who (deont. subj.) ásiguta úsiguta +ínesiguta áysiguta úysiguta +ísiguta who (obj.) ásisson úsisson +ínesisson áysisson úysisson +ísisson what (epist. subj.) áqo úqo +íneqo áyqo úyqo +íqo what (deont. subj.) áqen úqen +íneqen áyqen úyqen +íqen what (obj.) áqon úqon +íneqon áyqon úyqon +íqon where álomo úlomo +ínelomo áylomo úylomo +ílomo where to ásulomo úsulomo +ínesulomo áysulomo úysulomo +ísulomo where from ánulomo únulomo +ínenulomo áynulomo úynulomo +ínulomo when ágann úgann +ínegann áygann úygann +ígann how many áqiði úqiði +íneqiði áyqiði úyqiði +íqiði which áqiðivo úqiðivo +íneqiðivo áyqiðivo úyqiðivo +íqiðivo how much ásir úsir +ínesir áysir úysir +ísir what kind ábeme úbeme +ínebeme áybeme úybeme +íbeme how ámlo úmlo +ínemlo áymlo úymlo +ímlo why ágirne úgirne +ínegirne áygirne úygirne +ígirne truth question ánay únay +ínenay áynay úynay +ínay

[q|q.a] [q|q.r] [q|q.i] [r.q|q] [i.q|q] who (epist. subj.) búsixo fésixo mésixo fáysixo méysixo who (deont. subj.) búsiguta fésiguta mésiguta fáysiguta méysiguta who (obj.) búsisson fésisson mésisson fáysisson méysisson what (epist. subj.) búqo féqo méqo fáyqo méyqo what (deont. subj.) búqen féqen méqen fáyqen méyqen what (obj.) búqon féqon méqon fáyqon méyqon where búlomo félomo mélomo fáylomo méylomo where to búsulomo fésulomo mésulomo fáysulomo méysulomo where from búnulomo fénulomo ménulomo fáynulomo méynulomo when búgann fégann mégann fáygann méygann how many búqiði féqiði méqiði fáyqiði méyqiði which búqiðivo féqiðivo méqiðivo fáyqiðivo méyqiðivo how much búsir fésir mésir fáysir méysir what kind búbeme fébeme mébeme fáybeme méybeme how búmlo fémlo mémlo fáymlo méymlo why búgirne fégirne mégirne fáygirne méygirne truth question búnay fénay ménay fáynay méynay

Ésnafu úmlo sónnti bríqata. I understand how [o|q] you sleep. Ésnafu úgirne sónnti bríqata. I understand why [o|q] you sleep. Épanaluta úsisson sonnti panaléya (sisson). I know who [o|q] you see. Épanaluta úqon sonnti panaléyas (qon). I know what [o|q] you see. Épanaluta úsixo še gowsuí ðéysic. I know who [o|q] went into the house. Anc še babúpos tay-ínemlo bru re-ganúni še áduxan. Anc thought about how [p|q] her mother died. Sónnti spíxo panalúta únay sónntigla zéfnat. Only you know whether [o|q] you will leave.

Author: René Uittenbogaard. The central/proximal/distal nomenclature was taken from Xathmel, by Paul Blake.

Conversion date: 2008-05-17

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